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In the sixth year of migration, during the month of Dhul Qa’dah, the Final Messenger of Allah ﷺ, along with 1400 companions, set out for Makkah after wearing the Ihram of ‘Umrah . Anticipating resistance from the disbelievers of Makkah, the Beloved Prophet ﷺ had already sent a person from the Khuza’ah tribe to Makkah so that he could bring information about the intentions of the disbelievers of Makkah. When the caravan of the Beloved Prophet ﷺ reached near ‘Usfaan , the messenger (person from Khuza’ah tribe) returned with news that the disbelievers of Makkah had gathered all the disbelievers of the Arab tribes and instructed them that they should not let the Muslims enter Makkah at any cost. The disbelievers of Makkah gathered all the tribes that were united with them and assembled a large army and camped at a place out of Makkah to block the Muslims' path. The Final Messenger of Allah ﷺ took a different path to where the army of disbelievers was deployed. Heading forward through an unusual path, the Muslims reached ‘Hudaybiyah’, and camped there. There was dire shortage of water in Hudaybiyah. There was only one well at Hudaybiyah which quickly dried up in only a few hours. When the blessed companions رضي الله عنهم became restless due to thirst, he ﷺ placed his blessed hand into a large bowl, resulting in a water spring gushing forth from his blessed fingers. He ﷺ then poured the water he used for Wudu into the dry well along with one of his arrows. Due to this, so much water gushed out of the well that the entire Muslim army and all the animals continued to quench their thirst from that well for many days.
Hudaybiyah: Hudaybiyah is a locality situated approximately 24 kilometers from Makkah. Part of it lies within the sacred precincts of the Haram. Ba’yah al-Ridwan: After reaching Hudaybiyah, the Final Messenger of Allah ﷺ saw that the disbelievers of Quraysh were ready for war with their army, whereas, he ﷺ and his companions رضي الله عنهم were in the state of Ihram. He ﷺ, therefore thought it to be appropriate to hold peace talks with them. For this task, he sent Sayyiduna Uthman al-Ghani رضي الله عنه to Makkah. So Sayyiduna Uthman رضي الله عنه went to Makkah and invited the disbelievers of Quraysh to make a peace treaty. The disbelievers said that we allow you to perform the Tawaf of the Ka’bah, and the Sa’i of Safa and Marwah, but we would not let Muhammad ﷺ enter the Ka’bah at all. Sayyiduna Uthman رضي الله عنه said: “I will never perform Umrah without the Final Messenger of Allah ﷺ.” The situation worsened and the disbelievers stopped him in Makkah. Rumor spread in Hudaybiyah that the disbelievers of Quraysh have martyred Sayyiduna Uthman. رضي الله عنه When this news reached the Beloved Prophet ﷺ, he said: “It is fard to take revenge for the blood of Uthman.” He ﷺ then sat under a tree and said to the blessed companions رضي الله عنهم: “Pledge allegiance on my hand that you will remain loyal to me until your last breath.” All the companions pledged allegiance to him by taking this oath. This pledge, known as the "Ba’yah al- Ridwan," is mentioned in the Quran (Surah Al-Ma'idah, verse 7 and many verses of Surah Al-Fath). After this pledge of allegiance, it was found out that the news of Sayyiduna Uthman’s رضي الله عنه martyrdom was a false rumor. He was alive and perfectly fine.
The Final Prophet of Allah ﷺ, and his companions had set out for Makkah with the intention of performing Umrah, and for this reason they had brought sacrificial animals with them. However, the disbelievers had sworn that they would never allow the Muslims to reach the Ka’bah during their lifetime.
When Sayyiduna Uthman al-Ghani رضي الله عنه took the message of the peace treaty from the Beloved Prophet ﷺ to Makkah, the Quraysh also sent representatives to discuss terms, but no agreement could be reached. Eventually, the Quraysh sent Suhail bin ‘Amr to finalize the terms of the treaty, resulting in the Treaty of Hudaybiyah.
Some of the key conditions of this treaty were:
1. The Muslims shall return without performing Umrah this year.
2. They can come for Umrah next year, but they shall stay in Makkah for only three days.
3. There will be no fighting for the next ten years.
4. Arab tribes may have a friendship treaty with whichever tribe they want.
5. If any Muslim from Makkah goes to Madinah, it will be necessary to return him
The Quran refers to this treaty as a ‘Fath Mubeen’ (clear victory). Although the terms of the treaty might seem unfavourable to the Muslims at first glance, subsequent events proved that it was a strategic victory. It laid the foundation for the future conquests and the spread of Islam.
Peace and tranquility prevailed after the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. Since the Final Prophet of Allah ﷺ is the Prophet for the entire universe, he ﷺ intended to spread the message of Islam to the entire globe. Therefore, he ﷺ sent letters to different kings through envoys.
In Mawāhib al-Laduniyyah, it is written that the Najashi, to whom the Muslims migrated from Makkah in the fifth year after the declaration of prophethood, to whom the Beloved Prophet ﷺ sent a letter in the year 6 AH, who passed away in the year 9 AH and for whom the Beloved Prophet ﷺ offered ‘Salat al-Gha'ib’ (absentee funeral prayer) in Madinah, was named 'Asmaha'. Undoubtedly, he had become a Muslim.